So to shorten your response to my early questions - you're denying that ANYONE can ever see stars during the daytime during a solar eclipse?
That would be a surprisingly dumb thing to claim.
Ordinary people didn't photograph stars because cheap cameras can't capture stars when there is light from around the edges of the sun...the contrast goes to hell (same reason that there aren't stars in photos taken on the moon during the Apollo missions).
But with the right kind of camera - you certainly can capture stars in daylight at the eclipse...and plenty of people have.
But you're seriously claiming that not a single person saw stars? Despite HALF A MILLION web pages that say that either they did or that they would?
If you want PROOF that stars can be seen in the middle of the day during a total solar eclipse, here is the famous photo taken by Sir Arthur Eddington on Principe Island during the May 29th 1919 total eclipse - that trip was done precisely BECAUSE astronomers know that stars are visible close to the sun's disk during an eclipse. Other observers at locations in Brazil and Sao Tome (West Africa) reproduced that observation.
Those experiments (which DEPEND on stars being visible in daytime) have been repeated in 1922, 1953 and most recently, in 1973 by a team at the University of Texas. (You can read their paper here:
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1976AJ.....81..452T ).
It's hard (even for you) to deny that stars are visible during a solar eclipse. Yet you are saying that nobody - in NONE of the 600 solar eclipses during the last 1000 years ever once thought to mention that they saw a circular patch of stars (at least as big as the sun - and much larger in my estimation) being blotted out?
Why does the shadow object need to be huge. Well, as anyone who has seen a lunar eclipse will tell you, you see the edge of an obviously large shadow being cast over the moon. You can see from the evident curvature of the shadow that it's MUCH bigger than the moon. Now, if (as you claim) the shadow object is close to the sun then it has to be larger than the sun in order to cast a fairly hard-edged "umbral" shadow that's larger than the moon. If the shadow object was smaller, it would need to be much closer to the moon than it is to the sun (as indeed it is in RET). A small shadow caster, close to the sun would produce a VERY soft penumbral shadow...and that's not what we see.
You are making certain assumptions about how light emanates from the sun, and that would require knowledge of the nature of the sun. If the sun projects its light outwards like a point light source then a body smaller than the sun can cast a large shadow.
And if the sun's light does not emanate like a point light source, then the shadow object needs only to be a little bigger than the sun to cast large shadows, not "a huge sphere 300 to 500 miles across".
I think you got confused midway through that! IF the sun was a true point source THEN the shadow object could be quite small...that's true...but it's not, so this isn't relevant.
Because the sun is NOT a point source, the shadow object hast to be LARGER than the sun. How much larger depends on how close to the sun it is...but if you figure the math then for the angle subtended by the umbral and penumbral shadows on the moon to be as they are - and the sun and moon to be around 12,000 miles apart (maybe) when the lunar eclipse happens around midnight - then the shadow object has to be considerably larger than the sun...not just a little bit larger.
Well, the sun, moon and shadow object have to be in an almost exact straight line in order for a lunar eclipse to happen - and if that is the case then any single planet forms a plane with those three objects lying on one edge and the planet defining the orientation of the plane. So, yeah - they're all in the same plane - by definition. Again, I don't see the relevance of that comment.
The relevance of the comment is that if the planets are on a different plane than the sun and the Shadow Object, the shadow object will have a hard time casting a shadow on them.
OK - but I already explained that they ARE all in the same plane (although I still don't see why that matters)...please read my paragraph quoted just above yours.
And while you're pondering those:
f) Why does the moon turn that gorgeous shade of orange/red as it approaches totality in a lunar eclipse?
The Shadow Object is not sufficiently dense: https://wiki.tfes.org/Why_the_Lunar_Eclipse_is_Red
I would like you to tell me how the sun can shine through the 100 mile tall slimmer of atmosphere around the earth and widen out the light to fill the entire 2,159 mile diameter of the moon if the sun is not a point light source in the Round Earth model.
Oh - it's not obvious? OK...well, here is the RET explanation:
Imagine you are standing on the (RET) moon during an eclipse. From the perspective of that person, the Earth would be moving in front of the sun. So when there is a "lunar eclipse" here on Earth - it is a "solar eclipse" if you're standing on the moon. Unlike a solar eclipse here on Earth, where the moon is just about the right size to accurately cover the sun - a solar eclipse seen from the moon would have the MUCH larger Earth covering the sun...also, the Earth has an atmosphere.
During the first moments of totality - when the Earth has just covered up the sun - the person on the moon can look at the edge of the Earth that just covered the sun and they'll be looking at a tangent to the Earth's surface towards the (just hidden) limb of the sun.
What they are seeing is a sunset (or maybe sunrise) happening on Earth...and as we all well know - you can still see orange skies for quite a long time after the sun has set.
So the moon is being lit by: "all of the Earth's sunrises and sunsets at once"...I think that's a rather poetic thing...but then I'm an RE'er.
Since the light at sunrise/sunset is filtered through all that atmosphere - the only light the moon is still getting is a rich orangey-red.
And *THAT* is why the moon looks that color during a lunar eclipse.
By then, the Earth is blotting out all of the direct sunlight - but all of those sunrises and sunsets produces enough light to make the moon visible against a very dark sky.
However, having watched several lunar eclipses - the red/orange moon effect only exists soon after and just before the end of totality - when the moon is completely covered. Over the next few minutes, the color fades from red/orange to black.
That effect wouldn't happen with your shadow object though...right?