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Philosophy, Religion & Society / Re: Terrible Political Memes
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"I talked to Putin. He lost 51 million people (in WWII) and he did fight… He fought with us in World War II and everybody hates him.”
- Trump
Is that the Putin who was born in 1952?
https://twitter.com/BulwarkOnline/status/1933207285733756966
When the famous billionaire owner is coming from out of town and appears in front of the building with his limo, obviously everyone will know about it.Of course people would have known he was there, that doesn't mean they would have expected him to come barging in to their dressing room while they were getting changed.QuoteIt appears to me that you are repeating liberal falsities.I'm repeating Trump:
“You know they’re standing there with no clothes. Is everybody OK? And you see these incredible looking women. And so I sort of get away with things like that.”
What's there to "get away with" if that's OK?
Obviously your tactic to keep defending the perversions of your cult leader is deny, deny, deny. Whatever helps you cope I guess.
Actually they were once friends, but Trump banned Epstein from Mar-a-lago for being a pedophile.Why would he have done that? Trump loves that sort of thingQuoteFour women who competed in the 1997 Miss Teen USA beauty pageant also said the Republican used to walk in. Some of the girls were as young as 15.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-former-miss-arizona-tasha-dixon-naked-undressed-backstage-howard-stern-a7357866.html#
Trump has openly boasted about doing this and sexually assaulting women. He has been adjudicated as a rapist.
The lengths you have to go to in order to defend him are increasingly desperate
Do you ever read and try to understand the material you cite? The "Seafloor Compliance" study is about deformation of the sea floor under pressure from water waves. You have read the terms "gravity wave", "infragravity wave" and "ultragravity wave" and thought this must be how gravity is detected, but nowhere in that study is measuring acceleration due to gravity even mentioned, nor is a measured gravitational acceleration given.
Measurements and Processing:
The absolute gravity measurements in this project were performed with the Austrian absolute gravimeter FG5-242
of BEV and were recorded over two nights and one day at each station; that minimizes errors due to the
determination of the tides correction. Merely at station Saranda the measurements could only be performed during
one night and a half day. Between 4500 and 7000 drops were used at each station for absolute gravity calculation.
Two or three runs (with different laser wavelengths) were performed at each station. The average weighted value of the runs at an absolute gravity stations ( see figure 6,7 and 8 ) is the final absolute gravity value which refers to
exactly 122 cm above the benchmark of each station
There was no need to infer anything. We've known about Trump and Epstein's close connection for decades. Trump fans usually just refuse to accept that fate, or even more amusingly, concoct elaborate theories about Trump was secretly "undercover" the whole time in preparation for his eventual war against the Deep State.
If the surveyor was instead using a relative gravimeter, the latitude correction would also be made for the difference in latitude between Sacramento and Emigrant Gap, which is 42.9 nautical miles or 79.5km.
3.4 Measurements of gravity
There are two kinds of gravity meters. An absolute gravimeter measures the actual value of g by
measuring the speed of a falling mass using a laser beam. Although this meter achieves precisions of
0.01to 0.001 mGal (milliGals, or 1/1000 Gal), they are expensive, heavy, and bulky. A second type of
gravity meter measures relative changes in g between two locations, see Figure 6.
....
3.6 Reduction of data
Gravimeters do not give direct measurements of gravity; rather, a meter reading is taken which is then
multiplied by an instrumental calibration factor to produce a value of observed gravity (known as
gobs). The correction process is known as gravity data reduction or reduction to the geoid. The
various corrections that can be applied are the following.
Frankly, the wiki gets this bass ackwards. It also mentions a fictitious "vibrating gravity theory" – where did that derp come from?
Gravity Wave Theory
A study titled Seafloor Compliance Observed by Long-Period Pressure and Displacement Measurement uses gravimeters to study the gravity of the ocean. On p.2, para.4 its authors call the gravimeter a long-period seismometer.
“ We have collected vertical compliance data using a gravimeter (long-period seismometer) and a differential pressure gauge ”
On the same page we read about the theory behind the measurements:
We see that the theory behind the measurements involve the theories of "Gravity Waves" and "Infragravity Waves". Wikipedia describes them as:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_wave“ In fluid dynamics, gravity waves are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two media when the force of gravity or buoyancy tries to restore equilibrium. An example of such an interface is that between the atmosphere and the ocean, which gives rise to wind waves.
A gravity wave results when fluid is displaced from a position of equilibrium. The restoration of the fluid to equilibrium will produce a movement of the fluid back and forth, called a wave orbit.[1] Gravity waves on an air–sea interface of the ocean are called surface gravity waves or surface waves, while gravity waves that are within the body of the water (such as between parts of different densities) are called internal waves. Wind-generated waves on the water surface are examples of gravity waves, as are tsunamis and ocean tides. ”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infragravity_wave“ Infragravity waves are surface gravity waves with frequencies lower than the wind waves – consisting of both wind sea and swell – thus corresponding with the part of the wave spectrum lower than the frequencies directly generated by forcing through the wind.
Infragravity waves are ocean surface gravity waves generated by ocean waves of shorter periods. The amplitude of infragravity waves is most relevant in shallow water, in particular along coastlines hit by high amplitude and long period wind waves and ocean swells. Wind waves and ocean swells are shorter, with typical dominant periods of 1 to 25 s. In contrast, the dominant period of infragravity waves is typically 80 to 300 s,[1] which is close to the typical periods of tsunamis, with which they share similar propagation properties including very fast celerities in deep water. This distinguishes infragravity waves from normal oceanic gravity waves, which are created by wind acting on the surface of the sea, and are slower than the generating wind. ”
Essentially, the "Gravity Waves" are slight motions and vibrations picked up by the gravimeter (seismometer). A chart is provided, showing the frequencies that the winds and tides appear in:
In line with the previous seismometer section, the tides appear on the low frequency bands.
So, what do the MAGA crowd think if Trump's FEMA denying aid to North Carolina?
You know, the shit he said Biden did...
https://twitter.com/AndySpecht/status/1926010842744520948
Corrections for Latitude
It is asserted that gravimetry has shown trends at different latitudes, and so this is validation of the idea that it is really measuring "gravity". We find that this assertion is unfounded.
From a university course on gravity surveying we read:
http://www.geol-amu.org/notes/m10-1-4.htm
“ Recall that, if the Earth were an homogeneous ellipsoid, the value of gravity at the surface would be given by:
g = g0 (1 + k1 sin2 ϕ – k2 sin2 2ϕ)
The objective of gravity surveys is to look for deviations from this reference value. ”
If the objective of gravity surveys is merely to look for deviations from a round earth reference model with the vibrating gravity theory, then the final computed number in meters per second squared would becomes meaningless for the purpose of discussion. Any modifications to the reference values are constructed on an entirely theoretical basis.
The above page tells us that there is a theoretical model and that the goal of gravity surveys is to modify that model. Further down we see, among the list of corrections to be made, the latitude correction:“ Latitude correction: The earth's poles are closer to the centre of the equator than is the equator. However, there is more mass under the equator and there is an opposing centrifugal acceleration at the equator. The net effect is that gravity is greater at the poles than the equator.
For values relative to a base station, gravity increases as you move north, so subtract 0.811 sin(2a) mGal/km as you move north from the base station. (where a is latitude). ”
We read that we are subtracting or adding values to the reference model and the data to make the corrections for latitude, which is very different than using the data to determine the latitude. The claim that the final number is meaningful as evidence to showcase any particular point may be fallacious.
Note: The reference 'for values relative to a base station' may imply that this is referring to a relative gravimeter.
United Nations University
On p.9 of Seismic Activity, Gravity, and Magnetic Measurements by LaGeo as part of the United Nations University Geothermal Training Program we read:
“ 3.6 Reduction of data
Gravimeters do not give direct measurements of gravity; rather, a meter reading is taken which is then multiplied by an instrumental calibration factor to produce a value of observed gravity (known as gobs). The correction process is known as gravity data reduction or reduction to the geoid. The various corrections that can be applied are the following. ”
The section goes on to list a number of corrections, including corrections for latitude and elevation, which is not data contained in the measurement readings:“ Latitude correction (gn) - Correction subtracted from gobs that accounts for earth's elliptical shape and rotation. The gravity value that would be observed if the earth were a perfect (no geologic or topographic complexities) rotating ellipsoid is referred to as the normal gravity.
gn = 978031.85 * (1.0 + 0.005278895 sin 2 (lat) + 0.000023462 sin4(lat)) (mGal) (4)
where lat is latitude ”
“ Free-air corrected gravity (gfa) - The free-air correction accounts for gravity variations caused by elevation differences in the observation locations ”
These are artificial corrections which are added or subtracted to the data and reference model. If the earth were really elliptical or rotating, and if the devices were really measuring gravity in full, then these artificial corrections would not be necessary. It is seen that the devices are seismometers and that these corrections are artificially added into the data as modifications.
Absolute Gravimeter Corrections
A common response to some of the references above is to declare that even though the sources do not specify, the sources must solely be talking about relative gravimeters, and that absolute gravimeters are completely different devices which measures gravity in full. Yet, despite this argument we see that even absolute gravimeters determine local gravity through a model involving the gravitational acceleration of the equator and poles.
Terrain-aided navigation with an atomic gravimeter
Introduction"The purpose of the paper is to provide a solution for surface or sub-surface navigation by Terrain Matching using an absolute gravimeter."
On the third page:
III. A METHOD TO MAP THE GRAVITY ANOMALY WITH THE ATOMIC GRAVIMETER
Elsewhere it describes that "Φ is the longitude and λ the latitude. g(Φ, λ) is the modulus of the local gravity acceleration vector"
To determine the local gravity acceleration the device invokes a model involving an equation using gravitational acceleration at the equator and poles with the latitude, and the results are then added to the gravity anomaly (Last line: g(Φ, λ) [Local gravity] = g0(λ)[standard gravity accounting for latitude gravity gradient] + ga(Φ, λ) [gravity anomaly]) We see similar equations (sin 2 lat) as in the previous latitude corrections. Why should this be necessary to involve the gravitational accelerations of the equator and poles to determine the local gravity? If an absolute gravimeter is measuring gravity in full then it should measure gravity in full.
Mobile Atom Interferometer
Similarly, we read the following about latitude corrections for a precision free-fall device:
Gravity surveys using a mobile atom interferometer
Introduction“ atomic gravimeters rely on matter-wave interferometry with a freely falling atomic cloud ”
~
Latitude and terrain correction“ We correct the gravity values collected in the Berkeley Hills for latitude variations using the WGS84 ellipsoidal gravity formula (38) to create latitude-corrected gravity anomalies. ”
~
References and notes for (38)“ 38. Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984: Its definition and relationships with local geodetic systems (NIMA Technical Report 8350.2, 3rd ed., National Imagery and Mapping Agency, Washington, DC, USA, 1997). ”
We again see a precision free-fall gravimeter which is corrected for latitude.
WGS84 Ellipsoidal Gravity Formula
On p.13 of a paper titled Invited Review Article: Measurements of the Newtonian constant of gravitation, G we see a summary of the WGS84 ellipsoidal gravity formula:“ The local acceleration is a sum of the centrifugal acceleration and the gravitational acceleration. At the equator, the local acceleration is reduced by the centrifugal acceleration. This effect is exacerbated by the fact that the figure of the Earth is in response to the centrifugal acceleration an oblate spheroid. Hence the polar radius is smaller than the equatorial radius, increasing the gravitational part of the local acceleration towards the pole. A model describing this normal gravity g0 approximately, the so-called reference ellipsoid, is WGS8497,
and Φ denotes the latitude. This formula describes the theoretical local acceleration on an equipotential surface at mean sea level. It includes both gravitational and centrifugal potentials. ”
This is a very similar equation to the absolute gravimeter local gravity equation given in a section previous to this [8](sin 2 lat).
The text around this p.13 quote also strongly indicates that the WGS84 equation for the gravity variations was determined based on the weight change experiments conducted at different latitudes and which affects pendulums and scales. From the sentence immediately prior to the above quote:“In 1672, Jean Richer noticed on a trip to French Guiana that the oscillation frequency of a seconds pendulum depends on the geographical latitude ”
We hence see that the gravimeters, including absolute gravimeters, are adjusting the output for local gravity based on a latitudinal formula that was determined by a different experiment (Note: This is a determination which may be flawed in interpretation; see Weight Variation by Latitude). Once again, if the absolute gravimeter is measuring gravity in full, why should equations involving gravity's latitudinal differences of the equator and poles be necessary to determine local gravity?
Absolute Gravimeter Description
From Geophysics From Terrestrial Time‐Variable Gravity Measurements we read about a device that does involve a falling object. The interest is in the tiny noises that affect the mirror in the device while the body is in free fall and disconnected from the Earth:
“ In an absolute gravimeter, a test laser beam bounces off the free‐falling body before being reflected back to the interferometer, where the test beam interferes with a reference one. While the dropped mass is completely isolated from the Earth's vibrations during its fall, anthropogenic and natural microseismic noises continuously modify the position of the reference mirror of the interferometer. Even in the absence of an earthquake, the displacements of the Earth's surface are persistent and location and season dependent, reaching up to a few micrometers close to the coast (Kedar et al., 2008), while one should measure the free‐fall distance at the 1 nm precision level in order to achieve a precision on gravity of 10 nm/s^2. In the first white‐light gravimeter, the measurements of gravity were corrected by using the records from a 1 s period seismometer. Early in the 1980s, Rinker (1983) developed the so‐called Super Spring, that is, a modified seismometer providing an inertial reference system at periods shorter than about 1 min—the suspended mass of a seismometer provides an inertial reference frame, independent from the motions of the Earth, at periods shorter than the resonance frequency (Aki & Richards, 2002). The challenge consisted in producing a suspension device of which the free period is about 1 min, that is, longer than the periods ranging 5–20 s, where microseism is the strongest. ”
TL/DR: measured acceleration values of between 9.829 m/s² (Thule, northern Greenland) and 9.772 m/s² (Quito, Ecuador) are documented: these are 0.3% larger and 0.29% smaller than the aforementioned 9.8 metres/second². Acceleration is generally larger nearer the poles, smaller nearer the equator.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276278343_Absolute_gravity_measurements_in_South_Africa#pf6
https://library.arcticportal.org/2513/1/A20130416.pdf
https://www.sirgas.org/fileadmin/docs/Boletines/Bol24/45_Guaimaraes_et_al_2019_Absolute_gravimetry_SouthAmerica.pdf
https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA099017.pdf
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2000GL012438
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350145419_Twelve_Years_of_High_Frequency_Absolute_Gravity_Measurements_at_the_UK%27s_Space_Geodesy_Facility_Systematic_Signals_and_Comparison_with_SLR_Heights/fulltext/609da3ca299bf147699628f2/Twelve-Years-of-High-Frequency-Absolute-Gravity-Measurements-at-the-UKs-Space-Geodesy-Facility-Systematic-Signals-and-Comparison-with-SLR-Heights.pdf
https://geodaesie.info/images/zfv/133-jahrgang-2008/downloads/zfv_2008_3_Timmen_et-al.pdf
https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/217/2/1141/5304614
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232822567_Absolute_gravity_values_in_Norway
https://www.academia.edu/4418215/Absolute_gravity_measurements_in_India_and_Antarctica
https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/89119479/PHD_JEMNI_1_.pdf
Acceleration also varies within countries. Within the US, documented acceleration figures vary from 9.788 (Texas) to 9.805 (Missouri) to 9.819 m/s² (Alaska). Norway ranges from 9.818 (Stavanger) to 9.827 m/s² (Honningsvåg). Antarctica records values of 9.826 (twice) and 9.825m/s².
Einstein already figured that out. That you don't understand it isn't surprising, a lot RE physicists have trouble understanding it too. It's been said that if you think you understand relativity, then you don't understand relativity.
GR is one of the most thoroughly tested theories ever, starting with the precession of Mercury's orbit and astronomical observations of gravitational lensing. The apparent upward acceleration of the earth's surface is merely a consequence of an otherwise stationary round earth moving through the time element of curved space-time.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity
“ Dicke’s thinking about his change of direction of research is illustrated by these quotes from his 1957 Chapel Hill paper, The Experimental Basis of Einstein’s Theory (Dicke 1957a, p. 5):"It is unfortunate to note that the situation with respect to the experimental checks of general relativity theory is not much better than it was a few years after the theory was discovered – say in 1920. This is in striking contrast to the situation with respect to quantum theory, where we have literally thousands of experimental checks.
...
Professor Wheeler has already discussed the three famous checks of general relativity; this is really very flimsy evidence on which to hang a theory.
...
It is a great challenge to the experimental physicist to try to improve this situation; to try to devise new experiments and refine old ones to give new checks on the theory. We have been accustomed to thinking that gravity can play no role in laboratory-scale experiments; that the gradients are too small, and that all gravitational effects are equivalent to a change of frame of reference. Recently I have been changing my views about this."
In the second of these quotes Dicke was referring to Wheeler’s summary comments on the classical three tests of general relativity: the orbit of the planet Mercury, the gravitational deflection of light passing near the Sun, and the gravitational redshift of light from stars. ”
Trump is correct in both his choice of terminologyNope. He said "stage 9".
Twice.
The word "stage" doesn't even appear on the web page you linked to. Whoopsie!
So you agree that Trump’s comments are indefensible and are reduced to changing the subject and a weak attempt at whataboutism.
And do you agree that his repeated use of the phrase “stage 9” demonstrates his own cognitive decline?
He does briefly say it's "sad" but any normal human would have leant more heavily on that than all the other stuff he's rambling on about.