Niether of the above 2 points are correct.
I am a navigator, and we do not have any secret charts that we use. We use Mercator projection charts published by National hydrographic offices, and are available to anyone who wants to buy them.
We also don’t solely rely upon Navigatioin instruments. We can navigate by celestial observations (which we need to calculate, and not necessarily with a computer) using spherical navigation methods and trigonometry, as well as the almanacs of the sun and stars.
We do use GPS as well, but this just gives us a lat/long.
When we are close to land we use visual navigation methods and radar for fixing our positions.
We can navigate from any position on the earth to any other poisition, and dont have to follow courses or tracks we have done before, for example we can plot a course and distance from say South Georgia to luanda, Cape Town, Lisbon, Cape Verde, Santos, Falklands, Recife, New York, etc without having done that voyage previously, so we are not following old routes.