Other agencies deploying orbital craft include ESA, SpaceX, JAXA and others.
There are doubts on the independence of these space programs. See these quotes:
https://www.planetary.org/explore/the-planetary-report/australia-space-program.htmlWhy Start A Space Program? Watching Australia Take A Bold Step Forward
Casey Dreier is director of space policy for The Planetary Society.
“ The fact that so many countries seem to want a space program implies an inherent value to exploring space, but what is it? Last year, Australia became the latest country to announce the formation of its own space agency. The process took a significant step forward in March with a new report recommending goals and focus for its space agency.
The report also provides insight about why Australia sees space as a valuable enterprise. The report highlights several areas where the country could leapfrog others by strategically investing in specific capabilities (for example, artificial intelligence or quantum computing) and sets out a goal of tripling the size of the Australian space industry by 2030.
One of the keys to succeeding in this new effort, the report declares, will be international partnerships.International partnerships provide the means for countries to participate in the exploration of space without having to create expensive, enabling infrastructure from the ground up.
They can leverage the space capabilities of other nations while providing unique contributions to the benefit of their own industry and scientific base. This is the opposite of a zero-sum, competitive mentality of international relations; a rising rocket lifts all spacecraft, if you will.
The European Space Agency’s very existence relies on this model. Its BepiColombo mission—as you will read in this issue—includes contributions from 13 European member states, the
United States, and Japan. This coalition of nations is deeply invested in the success of the mission, spreading out the cost and also the political support. ”
https://science.nasa.gov/researchers/science-dataScience Data Archives
“ The purpose of the Science Data Archives list is to provide NASA Science data stakeholders with a comprehensive list of NASA Science data archives to increase data accessibility. Earth, heliophysics, planetary, and astrophysics observations and data are freely accessible to all, including NASA’s many partners in the United States,
international organizations and governments, the scientific community,
the private sector, and the general public.
These partners rely on NASA’s expertise in developing and launching missions, analyzing the data, and calibrating and validating results to ensure that the information is accurate. ”
https://spacepolicyonline.com/topics/international-space-activities/NASA AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN SPACE
“ International cooperation has been a hallmark of NASA’s programs throughout its history. The law that created NASA, the 1958 National Aeronautics and Space Act, included Section 205 that encouraged NASA to cooperate with other countries.
A 2014 report by NASA’s Office of International and Interagency Relations states that NASA has signed over 3,000 international agreements since its inception. The report, Global Reach: A View of NASA’s International Cooperation, lists international cooperative projects ongoing at NASA at the time of publication.
The majority of NASA space science programs involve international cooperation and the most far-reaching international space program today is the International Space Station. The U.S.-led ISS was built by the United States, Russia, Japan, Canada, and 11 members of ESA (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom). Crews that rotate on roughly 6-month schedules have been living aboard the ISS continuously since November 2000. The ISS is operated jointly by NASA and its Russian counterpart, Roscosmos, and all the partners utilize its scientific facilities. ”
About the old space shuttle program:
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/space-shuttles “ Plans call for the shuttles to ferry component parts to the station at least through its completion, and later deliver food, water, and other supplies to station crews.
With involvement in the International Space Station, NASA's shuttle program is likely to extend its role as the foundation of the U.S. space program and become a cornerstone of the combined world space program. ”
NASA's "large presence" in Moscow:
https://ru.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/moscow/sections-offices/nasa/ “ The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has a large presence in the Moscow area, with offices at the U.S. Embassy, Star City, the Mission Control Center-Moscow, and the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos). ”