edby,
How is it that the absolute gravimeters could be affected by air pressure and a number of other effects listed and described if the device utilizes a vacuum chamber?
The answer is as follows:
On analysis of the gravimeter we find that the device is not directly measuring gravitational acceleration at all. It is measuring noise and using many software algorithms to cancel out the noise. Every part of the device's components—the lasers which measure the motion, the mirrors, the springs which launch the mass up and down the small tube, and all component parts—are all connected in some manner to the earth, and are subject to noise and vibrations.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-03482-8_9One of the most serious problems for absolute gravimeters is the vibration disturbances.
Marine GravimetersBelow we see an example of gravimetry devices and methods for marine gravimetric surveying:
http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/WCEE2012_1237.pdfAn example is given of outputs from VSE, Accelerometer, and Gradiometer devices on a mid-size ship navigating Toyama Bay, Japan:
![](https://wiki.tfes.org/images/3/33/Marine-Gravimeters.png)
Following the illustration we read:
FINDING GRAVITY FROM VERY NOISY DATA
In the previous section, the low-pass filter is used to find the gravity from the noisy data. We can expect
that the variation of gravity consists of components with long period, however the vibration of carrier
with short period. If this expectation is satisfied, the low-pass filter should work well. Actually, analysis
for the first observation on an observation wheel works well, though, not for the other two observations.
The reason is the difference of the amplitude of the noise: it is very difficult to pick up the gravity data
with very small amplitude from very large vibration of the carrier. This must be limitation of simple
filtering technique.
To reduce the vibration of the carrier, we can choose two different approaches.
From the above we see that a need to use algorithms and filters to
find gravity from noise. The levels of g are not readily apparent, and must be constructed by subtracting from the noise to
'find gravity'. The above passage states that "We can expect to find the variations of gravity consists of components with long period, however the vibration of the carrier with short periods."
Is the process of subtracting vibrations with one characteristic to reveal other vibrations truly measuring gravity? Why does "gravity" need to be found?
Galathea-3: A global marine gravity profileThe Danish vessel Galathea-3 describes its methods for gravimetric surveying:
Galathea-3: A Global Marine Gravity ProfileThe Galathea-3 navigation data included raw depth records provided by The Danish Hydrological Office. The data transfer was sometimes unstable and the data themselves were often very noisy. A preparation of such data for the Bouguer gravity processing requires a cumbersome data cleaning the removal of the spikes, the smoothing, and often the interpolation
We see that the process involves extensive data analysis, filtering, and cleanup from noise — to 'find gravity'.
Airborne GravimetryAirborne gravimetery methods echoes the same:
Improving the Accuracy and Resolution of SINS/DGPS Airborne GravimetryBecause the resulting signal is very noisy (see Sections 2.3.2 to 2.3.4 for details), its derivation is
followed by a filtering step that removes most of the noise by low-pass filtering the data.
Again, we see that filtering is necessary to clean up the noise.
Land Based/General Absolute GravimetreyThe following paper describes the process of turning a laser signal into a "variation of gravity":
Ultra-high Precision, Absolute, Earth Gravity MeasurementsThe paper describes that the fringe signal from the laser beam is digitized and processed:
One of the new features of our setup is that the whole fringe signal (with up to
1.6 million data points) is digitized and processed. In other gravimeters usually
just parts of the fringe signal are used for data processing. Since the duration
of our FB’s fall in the MPG-1 is about 200 ms, the resultant signal reaches a
frequency of up to 6.2 MHz. As an industry standard, a sampling rate of at
least 7 times the measured frequency is suggested.
Processing Steps![](https://wiki.tfes.org/images/f/ff/Gravimeter_Processing_Steps.png)
The fringe signal from the laser must be filtered with software:
![](https://wiki.tfes.org/images/2/24/Gravimeter-3.png)
The remainder of the document describes how the filtering occurs. All sources, to the best of the author's ability, are given an "uncertainty budget," to which is subtracted from the noise. The uncertainty budgets are estimated ranges to which a phenomenon may be contributing to the noise. All possible phenomena in nature must be considered and
precisely defined. Everything from air drag, electrostatic fields, pressure, seismic vibrations, &c.
In the Table of Contents we find a list of tables, showing the various elements which are subtracted:
4.6 Uncertainty budget of the measured imbalance – Method II. . . . 84
4.7 Uncertainty budget: COM and OC adjusted – Method II. . . . . . 84
5.1 Uncertainty budget for air drag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.2 Uncertainty budget for outgassing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.3 Uncertainty budget for eddy currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.4 Uncertainty budget for electrostatic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.5 Uncertainty budget for instrumental masses . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.6 Uncertainty budget for laser verticality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.7 Length standard specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.8 Uncertainty budget for laser stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.9 Frequency standard specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.10 Uncertainty budget for clock stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.11 Uncertainty budget for corner cube rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.12 Uncertainty budget for radiation pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.13 Uncertainty budget for beam divergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.14 Uncertainty budget for temperature gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.15 Uncertainty budget for seismic noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.16 Uncertainty budget for speed of light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.17 Uncertainty budget for effective height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.18 Specifications of Photoreceiver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.19 Uncertainty budget for amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.20 Uncertainty budget for solid Earth tides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.21 Uncertainty budget for ocean loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.22 Uncertainty budget for polar motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.23 Uncertainty budget for environmental pressure . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.24 Uncertainty budget for Coriolis force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.25 Uncertainty budget for MPG-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.26 Uncertainty budget for MPG-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Once all of these items and their theoretical uncertainties are subtracted, we are left with "gravity."
Gravimeter TidesThe above pdf mentions that long-term analysis of the gravimeter noise can detect the tides:
![](https://wiki.tfes.org/images/1/10/Gravimeter-tides.png)
The main conclusion from this is, however, that the tides may be related in some manner to vibration or noise that is being processed. No mechanism is presented, or is identifiable, from a long term analysis of vertical vibration trends.
The gravimeter measures fringe noise, not the "level of g". The output is the result of specialized filtering. That, after the final filtering and analysis, there may be trends at the top of a mountain, or in an environment which sits on a large amount of compressed ice, or with different environmental affects, should not be surprising. Gravity itself is not readily identified from the above processes.
Can you provide us with a more direct way of determining what you imagine to occur? One that does not rely on an author's ability to account for all phenomena in nature?