Just playing the devil's advocate...
Actually, these kind of details could be reachable with a relatively small amateur telescope. The resolution power of a optic device is given as R=1.22*lambda/D were lambda is the wavelength of the observed light and D is the diameter of the optic device.
Taking a diameter of 0.0025m (which is about the size of the human pupil), and a wavelenght of 550nm (which is the middle of the visible ligth), you find a maximum resolution of about 55", which is close to the 1' often used here and there.
A 25cm frisbee at 37km has a angular diameter of about 1.5"
The theorical maximal resolution power of a D=0.1m telescope is about 1.4".
Taking into account a very good manufactured material and optics (miror and lens) plus very good atmospheric condition. It could theorically be possible to access this kind of details with a small amateur telescope.
However (stop playing the devil's advocate), being the proud owner of such a telescope I would like to mention some points :
- Very good atmospheric condition are extremelly rare, particularly when doing "horizontal" observation. This is why any astronomer will prefer to observe object not to close to the horizon, because of the atmospheric turbulence. This leads to a real bad degradation of the image quality
- Even if this level of details are indeed reachable with some small diameter (under very unlikely atmospheric conditions and with perfect optic (I'm coming back to that later)), we are talking about details the same size that the power of resolution, this means that the details Tom are describing are just the smallest point possible in the fiel of view of is observation (or he is using a very powerful magnification optic, and all he can see is a big blur). And I will not talk here about the thermal stability of the mirror and the otpical abberation here...
- This kind of telescope, even for a small amateur one, are quite massive, not so easy to move, balance and install. I would be very interrested in viewing some pictures of how you are doing this experiment Tom. Particularly, to realize observation as close as 50cm to the sea level, it means that the feet of the telescope are in the ocean and Tom too. I would personnally never do that, and I am convince that no one would do that with his telescope particularly when you are using ultra-good quality optics that are really, really, really (I mean really!) expensive and absolutely not (salt!)-water proof... The other solution is to reduce the height of the telescope at its minimum, but mine cannot go as low as 50cm to the ground, and it would be very impratical to observe like that... (particularly when seeing what the location looks like!)
- Maybe Tom is using a 300 mm telescope, which is much more realistic to reach this kind of detail, but now the telescope itself becomes very expensive, and it is probably not the better idea anyone could have to put it into the ocean, not speaking of the above point that would become even more problematic for such a large telescope...
- Oh, and I almost forgot, the Earth is round, so you cannot see any detail on a beach 37 km away when 50cm above sea level (well, only under unlikely atmospheric conditions, maybe, but this is non consistent with Tom saying that he could do that all day long!)